Underwing Moths (Catocala) & Larvae

A companion guide for iNaturalists

Nearctic Species

Publications

Taxonomic Notes

Rearing:
Wild larvae
Eggs from females

iNat Wishlist:
ilia vs. umbrosa
Larvae on Rosaceae
mtDNA: praeclara

More About: Maps & images
The authors

More About

Maps & images

Over the past several decades, we have been assembling a database of locality records for Nearctic Catocala for inclusion in the MONA Fascicle. A majority of these locality records represent pinned specimens in institutional and/or private collections, although a rapidly growing subset represents records harvested from iNaturalist observations. Each dot on one of the Catocala maps represents an occurrence record for a given species, and each occurence record usually reflects many specimens. Think of the dots as "data uniqued by taxon and locality" -- the 95,000 records presently in the database yield 18,000 dots, and the total number of specimens/images examined to produce the database is well into six digits. For the United States and most of the pinned specimen records gathered prior to the 2020s, the occurrence records have been georeferenced at the US county centroid level. For Canada and Mexico, the pinned specimen records are georeferenced to the town or actual locality. Records are harvested from iNaturalist on an annual basis, and are first sorted by taxon and then aggregated at the 0.1 degree level of latitude/longitude (yields radius of circa 5 miles). At the start of each calendar year, we download the prior years' iNaturalist records that have been identified to species, verify those identities and then increment the database (during the field season Bob tracks the incoming observations; Larry does the data extractions, then screens the corresponding images by species for inconsistencies, and we subsequently hold a reconciliation party).

The dots on the maps come in three sizes based on our confidence in the records: the largest dots represent specimens/images that one and usually more of the MONA co-authors have reviewed; the mid-sized dots represent records not yet fully reviewed; the smallest dots are literature-only records (which are typically not readily traced to a specimen). Dots that are filled in with bright yellow represent specimen(s) for which mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcodes have also been generated. Our requirement for inclusion in the MONA database is either an identifiable specimen or an identifiable image, we do not include verbal records or records lacking suitably granular geographic attribution.

Images of the larvae presented for each of the Catocala species come primarily from either breeding conducted ex ovis from wild-captured females, or from larvae collected in the field and subsequently reared to adults. Typically for each larva presented in the species accounts, there will be a lateral (or dorso-lateral) view of the body, a head capsule view, and a view of the venter (underside), since in many instances the ventral pattern helps to narrow down species identity. The image captions identify the general locality, year, and either the brood rearing number (if ex ovis) or the associated native food plant (if field collected), and the photographer.

The Authors

There are presently five co-authors working toward completing the MONA Catocala Fascicle -- Larry Gall, Bob Borth, Hugo Kons, David Hawks, Nicole Palffy-Muhoray -- and this website is primarily the work of the first two.

Larry Gall is the Senior Collections Manager for the Entomology Division at the Yale Peabody Museum (Connecticut). He has been conducting systematic research on Catocala since the 1980s, with a focus on rearing/documenting the immature stages of the Nearctic species and as many of the Palearctic species as possible. For MONA he has visited, identified and/or recurated the Catocala holdings of more than one hundred institutional collections in North America and Europe. His field work centers on New England, with occasional forays elsewhere for elusive taxa.

Bob Borth is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) with a practice in Wisconsin and Florida. Since the early 2000s, he has been spearheading genetic research on Catocala with a focus on mtDNA barcoding of all Nearctic and Palearctic species. He has described a number of new Catocala species from both geographic regions, as well as new species in related genera such as Eudocima. Bob has traveled widely throughout the United States for mtDNA sampling and life history studies, and is the co-author doing most of the real-time monitoring of iNaturalist Catocala observations.

Hugo Kons is a former technician for the American Entomological Institute (Florida). Over the same timeframe as Bob, he has been closely involved in mtDNA work but also has produced high-quality genitalic dissections/images for all the Nearctic and Palearctic species, and has likewise described a number of new species. He is based in Wisconsin where he is conducting intensive faunal sampling and monitoring of Lepidoptera.

David Hawks is recently retired from the Entomology Department at the University of California at Riverside. He has extensively studied the Catocala of the southwestern USA, and has worked alongside Larry conducting systematic work since the 1980s. He currently resides in Arizona, and is also a coleopterist with particular expertise in scarabs, notably Chrysina and other melolonthines.

Nicole Palffy-Muhoray is the Assistant Director for Student Programs at the Yale Peabody Museum (Connecticut). She holds a doctoral degree in linguistics, is a self-taught naturalist/biologist, and worked as a curatorial assistant in the Entomology Division throughout the 2010s. She is currently developing morphological keys for the MONA Fascicle, and also does field work in southern New England.

All images at this site by L. Gall and/or R. Borth (unless otherwise attributed), please contact us with questions or requests